I-OSHA iyala abasebenzi abalungisayo ukuthi bakhiye, bamake, futhi balawule amandla ayingozi.Abanye abantu abazi ukuthi basithatha kanjani lesi sinyathelo, yonke imishini ihlukile.Izithombe ze-Getty
Phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemishini yezimboni, ukukhiya/ukudonsa (LOTO) akuyona into entsha.Ngaphandle uma ugesi unqanyuliwe, akekho olokotha enze noma yiluphi uhlobo lokulungisa okujwayelekile noma azame ukulungisa umshini noma isistimu.Lokhu kuyisidingo nje somqondo ojwayelekile kanye ne-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
Ngaphambi kokwenza imisebenzi yokulungisa noma ukulungisa, kulula ukunqamula umshini emthonjeni wawo wamandla-ngokuvamile ngokuvala i-circuit breaker-futhi ukhiye umnyango wephaneli ye-circuit breaker.Ukwengeza ilebula ekhomba ochwepheshe bezokulungisa ngamagama nakho kuyindaba elula.
Uma amandla engakwazi ukukhiywa, ilebula kuphela engasetshenziswa.Kunoma ikuphi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhiyiwe noma ingenawo, ilebula ibonisa ukuthi ukunakekelwa kuyaqhubeka futhi idivayisi ayinawo amandla.
Nokho, lokhu akukona ukuphela kwelotho.Umgomo ophelele awukona nje ukunqamula umthombo wamandla.Umgomo uwukusebenzisa noma ukukhulula wonke amandla ayingozi-ukusebenzisa amagama e-OSHA, ukulawula amandla ayingozi.
Isaha elivamile libonisa izingozi ezimbili zesikhashana.Ngemuva kokuthi i-saw icishiwe, i-saw blade izoqhubeka nokusebenza imizuzwana embalwa, futhi izoma kuphela lapho umfutho ogcinwe ku-motor usuphelile.I-blade izohlala ishisa imizuzu embalwa kuze kuphele ukushisa.
Njengoba nje amasaha egcina amandla emishini nawokushisa, umsebenzi wokusebenzisa imishini yezimboni (ekagesi, eyakhiwe ngogesi, neyomoya) ngokuvamile ingagcina amandla isikhathi eside. Kuye ngokuthi ikhono lokuvala i-hydraulic noma i-pneumatic system, noma amandla wesifunda, amandla angagcinwa isikhathi eside esimangalisayo.
Imishini eyahlukene yezimboni idinga ukusebenzisa amandla amaningi.Insimbi ejwayelekile i-AISI 1010 ingamelana namandla okugoba afinyelela ku-45,000 PSI, ngakho imishini efana namabhuleki okucindezela, izibhakela, izibhakela, nezinsimbi zamapayipi kufanele idlulise amandla ngamayunithi angamathani.Uma isifunda esinikeza amandla isistimu yepompo ye-hydraulic ivaliwe futhi inqanyuliwe, ingxenye ye-hydraulic yesistimu isengakwazi ukuhlinzeka nge-45,000 PSI.Emishinini esebenzisa isikhunta noma izindwani, lokhu kwanele ukuchoboza noma ukusika izitho.
Iloli lebhakede elivaliwe elinebhakede emoyeni liyingozi njengeloli lebhakede elingavaliwe.Vula i-valve engalungile futhi amandla adonsela phansi azothatha izintambo.Ngokufanayo, uhlelo lwe-pneumatic lungagcina amandla amaningi lapho lucishiwe.I-bender yepayipi enosayizi omaphakathi ingakwazi ukumunca ama-ampere angu-150 wamanje.Ngaphansi kokungu-0.040 amps, inhliziyo ingayeka ukushaya.
Ukukhulula ngokuphephile noma ukunciphisa amandla kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ngemva kokucisha amandla ne-LOTO.Ukukhishwa okuphephile noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ayingozi kudinga ukuqonda imigomo yesistimu kanye nemininingwane yomshini odinga ukunakekelwa noma ukulungiswa.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamasistimu we-hydraulic: iluphu evulekile kanye neluphu evaliwe.Endaweni yezimboni, izinhlobo zamaphampu ezijwayelekile amagiya, i-vanes, namapiston.I-cylinder yethuluzi elisebenzayo ingaba yinto eyodwa noma ephindwe kabili.Amasistimu we-Hydraulic angaba nanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ezintathu zama-valve-ukulawula ukuqondisa, ukulawula ukugeleza, nokulawula ingcindezi-luhlobo ngalunye lwalezi zinhlobo lunezinhlobo eziningi.Kunezinto eziningi okufanele uzinake, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuqonda kahle uhlobo ngalunye lwengxenye ukuze kuqedwe izingozi ezihlobene namandla.
U-Jay Robinson, ongumnikazi nomongameli we-RbSA Industrial, uthe: “I-hydraulic actuator ingase ishayelwe i-valve yokuvala imbobo egcwele.“I-valve ye-solenoid ivula i-valve.Uma uhlelo lusebenza, uketshezi lwe-hydraulic lugelezela emishinini ngomfutho omkhulu nasethangini ngomfutho ophansi,” kusho yena..“Uma uhlelo lukhiqiza i-PSI engu-2,000 futhi ugesi uvaliwe, i-solenoid izoya endaweni emaphakathi futhi ivimbe wonke amachweba.Uwoyela awukwazi ukuhamba nomshini uyama, kodwa uhlelo lungaba ne-PSI efika ku-1,000 hlangothi ngalunye lwevalvu.”
Kwezinye izimo, ochwepheshe abazama ukwenza ukunakekelwa okujwayelekile noma ukulungisa basengozini eqondile.
"Ezinye izinkampani zinezinqubo ezibhalwayo ezivame kakhulu," kusho uRobinson.“Abaningi babo bathi uchwepheshe akanqamule ugesi, awukhiye, awumaka, bese ecindezela inkinobho ethi QALA ukuze aqale umshini.”Kulesi simo, umshini kungenzeka ungenzi lutho-awulayishi ucezu lokusebenza, ukugoba, ukusika, ukubumba, ukuthulula ucezu lokusebenza nanoma yini enye-ngoba awukwazi.I-valve ye-hydraulic iqhutshwa i-solenoid valve, edinga ugesi.Ukucindezela inkinobho ethi QALA noma ukusebenzisa iphaneli yokulawula ukuze uvule noma iyiphi ingxenye yesistimu ye-hydraulic ngeke kusebenze i-valve ye-solenoid engenamandla.
Okwesibili, uma uchwepheshe eqonda ukuthi udinga ukusebenzisa i-valve ngesandla ukuze akhulule umfutho we-hydraulic, angase akhulule ukucindezela ohlangothini olulodwa lwesistimu futhi acabange ukuthi ukhulule wonke amandla.Eqinisweni, ezinye izingxenye zesistimu zisengakwazi ukumelana nezingcindezi ezifika ku-1,000 PSI.Uma lokhu kucindezela kuvela ekupheleni kwethuluzi lesistimu, ochwepheshe bazomangala uma beqhubeka nokwenza imisebenzi yokulungisa futhi bangase balimala.
Uwoyela weHydraulic awucindezeli kakhulu-kuphela cishe u-0.5% nge-PSI eyi-1,000-kodwa kulokhu, akunandaba.
"Uma uchwepheshe ekhulula amandla ohlangothini lwe-actuator, isistimu ingase ihambise ithuluzi kulo lonke ukushaya," kusho uRobinson."Ngokuya ngohlelo, ukushaywa kungase kube yi-intshi engu-1/16 noma izinyawo ezingu-16."
"Uhlelo lwe-hydraulic luyi-force multiplier, ngakho-ke uhlelo olukhiqiza i-1,000 PSI lungaphakamisa imithwalo esindayo, njengamakhilogremu angu-3,000," kusho uRobinson.Kulokhu, ingozi ayiqali ngengozi.Ingozi iwukukhulula ukucindezela futhi wehlise umthwalo ngephutha.Ukuthola indlela yokunciphisa umthwalo ngaphambi kokubhekana nesistimu kungase kuzwakale kunengqondo, kodwa amarekhodi okufa kwe-OSHA abonisa ukuthi ingqondo evamile ayihlali njalo kulezi zimo.Ku-OSHA Incident 142877.015, “Isisebenzi sishintsha…I-boom yehla ngokushesha futhi yashaya isisebenzi, yamchoboza Ikhanda, umzimba kanye nezingalo.Isisebenzi sibulewe.”
Ngaphezu kwamathangi kawoyela, amaphampu, ama-valve nama-actuator, amanye amathuluzi we-hydraulic nawo ane-accumulator.Njengoba igama liphakamisa, iqoqa uwoyela we-hydraulic.Umsebenzi wayo ukulungisa ingcindezi noma umthamo wesistimu.
"I-accumulator iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: isikhwama somoya esingaphakathi kwethangi," kusho uRobinson.“I-airbag igcwele initrogen.Ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile, uwoyela we-hydraulic uyangena uphume ethangini njengoba umfutho wesistimu ukhula futhi wehla.”Ukuthi uketshezi luyangena noma luphuma ethangini, noma luyadlulisa, kuncike emehluko wengcindezi phakathi kwesistimu ne-airbag.
"Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zingama-accumulators womthelela kanye nama-volume accumulators," kusho uJack Weeks, umsunguli we-Fluid Power Learning."I-accumulator yokushaqeka idonsa iziqongo zokucindezela, kuyilapho i-accumulator yevolumu ivimbela ingcindezi yesistimu ukuthi yehle lapho isidingo esisheshayo sidlula umthamo wepompo."
Ukuze usebenze ohlelweni olunjalo ngaphandle kokulimala, uchwepheshe wesondlo kufanele azi ukuthi uhlelo lune-accumulator nendlela yokukhulula ukucindezela kwalo.
Kuma-absorber ashaqisayo, ochwepheshe bokunakekela kufanele baqaphele ngokukhethekile.Ngenxa yokuthi isikhwama somoya sivuthwe ngengcindezi enkulu kunokucindezela kwesistimu, ukwehluleka kwe-valve kusho ukuthi kungase kwengeze ingcindezi ohlelweni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile azifakwe i-valve yokudonsa.
"Asikho isixazululo esihle kule nkinga, ngoba i-99% yezinhlelo ayinikezi indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuvala ama-valve," kusho u-Weeks.Nokho, izinhlelo zokulungisa ezisebenzayo zinganikeza izinyathelo zokuvimbela.“Ungengeza i-valve yangemva kokuthengisa ukuze ukhiphe uketshezi oluthile nomaphi lapho umfutho ungaba khona,” esho.
Uchwepheshe wesevisi obona ama-airbag e-accumulator ephansi angase afune ukwengeza umoya, kodwa lokhu akuvunyelwe.Inkinga wukuthi lawa ma-airbag afakwe ama-valve esitayela saseMelika, afana nalawo asetshenziswa kumasondo ezimoto.
"I-accumulator ngokuvamile ine-decal yokuxwayisa ngokungeza umoya, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka eminingana yokusebenza, i-decal ivame ukunyamalala kudala," kusho u-Wicks.
Olunye udaba ukusetshenziswa kwama-valve okulinganisa, kusho uWeeks.Kuma-valve amaningi, ukujikeleza kwewashi kwandisa ingcindezi;kuma-valve ebhalansi, isimo siphambene.
Okokugcina, amadivaysi eselula kudingeka aqaphe kakhulu.Ngenxa yezingqinamba zesikhala nezithiyo, abaklami kufanele babe nobuhlakani endleleni yokuhlela isistimu nokuthi bangabeka kuphi izingxenye.Ezinye izingxenye zingase zifihlwe ukuze zingabonakali futhi zingafinyeleleki, okwenza ukunakekelwa okujwayelekile kanye nokulungiswa kube inselele kunemishini engaguquki.
Amasistimu we-pneumatic cishe anazo zonke izingozi ezingaba khona zesistimu ye-hydraulic.Umehluko oyinhloko ukuthi isistimu ye-hydraulic ingaveza ukuvuza, ikhiqize i-jet yoketshezi enengcindezi eyanele nge-intshi yesikwele ukuze ingene izingubo nesikhumba.Endaweni yezimboni, "izingubo" zihlanganisa amabhuzu omsebenzi.Ukulimala okungena kawoyela we-Hydraulic kudinga ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha futhi ngokuvamile kudinga ukulaliswa esibhedlela.
Amasistimu we-pneumatic nawo ayingozi ngokwemvelo.Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi, “Awu, umoya nje” futhi babhekane nakho ngokunganaki.
"Abantu bezwa amaphampu esistimu ye-pneumatic esebenza, kodwa abacabangi wonke amandla iphampu engena ohlelweni," kusho u-Weeks.“Wonke amandla kufanele ageleze ndawana thize, futhi isimiso samandla samanzi siwukuphindaphinda amandla.Ku-50 PSI, isilinda esinendawo engamasentimitha-skwele angu-10 singakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla anele ukuhambisa amaphawundi angu-500.Layisha.”Njengoba sonke sazi, abasebenzi basebenzisa lesi simiso siphephula imfucumfucu engutsheni.
"Ezinkampanini eziningi, lesi yisizathu sokunqanyulwa ngokushesha," kusho u-Weeks.Uthe indiza yomoya ekhishwa ohlelweni lwe-pneumatic ingaxebula isikhumba nezinye izicubu emathanjeni.
"Uma kukhona ukuvuza ohlelweni lwe-pneumatic, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhlangene noma ngembobo yepayipi epayipini, ngokuvamile akekho ozoqaphela," esho."Umshini unomsindo kakhulu, abasebenzi bavikelekile ekuzweni, futhi akekho ozwa ukuvuza."Ukumane ucoshe ipayipi kuyingozi.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlelo luyasebenza noma cha, amagilavu esikhumba ayadingeka ukuphatha amapayipi omoya.
Enye inkinga ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi umoya ucindezela kakhulu, uma uvula i-valve ohlelweni oluphilayo, uhlelo oluvaliwe lwe-pneumatic lungakwazi ukugcina amandla okwanele ukuze lusebenze isikhathi eside futhi luqale ithuluzi ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Nakuba amandla kagesi—ukunyakaza kwama-electron njengoba ehamba ku-conductor—kubonakala kuwumhlaba ohlukile kune-physics, akunjalo.Umthetho wokuqala kaNewton wokunyakaza uyasebenza: “Into emile ihlala imile, futhi into ehambayo ilokhu ihamba ngesivinini esifanayo futhi ibheke ngakwesokunene, ngaphandle kwalapho ilawulwa amandla angalingani.
Ngephuzu lokuqala, isifunda ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi silula kangakanani, sizomelana nokugeleza kwamanje.Ukumelana kuvimbela ukugeleza kwamanje, ngakho-ke lapho isifunda sivaliwe (static), ukumelana kugcina isifunda sisesimweni esimile.Uma isifunda sivuliwe, okwamanje akugelezi kumjikelezo ngokushesha;kuthatha okungenani isikhathi esifushane ukuze i-voltage inqobe ukumelana kanye nokugeleza kwamanje.
Ngesizathu esifanayo, isifunda ngasinye sinesilinganiso esithile se-capacitance, esifana nomfutho wento ehambayo.Ukuvala iswishi akuvimbi ngokushesha okwamanje;umsinga ulokhu uhamba, okungenani isikhashana.
Ezinye izifunda zisebenzisa ama-capacitor ukugcina ugesi;lo msebenzi ufana nalowo we-hydraulic accumulator.Ngokwenani elilinganiselwe le-capacitor, lingakwazi ukugcina amandla kagesi isikhathi eside amandla kagesi ayingozi.Kumasekhethi asetshenziswa emishinini yezimboni, isikhathi sokukhishwa semizuzu engama-20 asinakwenzeka, futhi ezinye zingadinga isikhathi esengeziwe.
Mayelana ne-bender yepayipi, u-Robinson ulinganisela ukuthi ubude besikhathi semizuzu engu-15 bungase banele ukuze amandla agcinwe kusistimu ahlakazeke.Bese wenza isheke elilula nge-voltmeter.
"Kunezinto ezimbili mayelana nokuxhuma i-voltmeter," kusho uRobinson.“Okokuqala, kwazisa uchwepheshe uma uhlelo lunamandla asele.Okwesibili, idala indlela yokukhipha.Okwamanje igeleza isuka kwenye ingxenye yesekethe idlule kumitha iye kwenye, iqede noma imaphi amandla asagcinwe kuyo.”
Esimeni esihle kakhulu, ochwepheshe baqeqeshwe ngokugcwele, banesipiliyoni, futhi banokufinyelela kuwo wonke amadokhumenti omshini.Unengidi, ithegi, futhi uwuqonda kahle umsebenzi owenziwayo.Ngokufanelekile, usebenza nabaqaphi bezokuphepha ukuze banikeze isethi eyengeziwe yamehlo ukuze babone izingozi futhi banikeze usizo lwezokwelapha lapho izinkinga zisenzeka.
Isimo esibi kakhulu ukuthi ochwepheshe abanalo ukuqeqeshwa nolwazi, basebenza enkampanini yokulungisa yangaphandle, ngakho-ke abajwayelene nemishini ethile, bakhiya ihhovisi ngezimpelaviki noma ngamashifu ebusuku, futhi izincwadi zemishini azisatholakali.Lesi yisimo esifanelekile sesiphepho, futhi yonke inkampani enemishini yezimboni kufanele yenze konke okusemandleni ukukunqanda.
Izinkampani ezithuthukisa, ezikhiqiza, futhi ezithengisa okokusebenza zokuphepha ngokuvamile zinobuchwepheshe obujulile bezokuphepha obuqondene nomkhakha othile, ngakho ukucwaninga kokuphepha kwabahlinzeki bemishini kungasiza ukwenza indawo yokusebenza iphephe ukuze kulungiswe imisebenzi evamile kanye nokulungisa.
U-Eric Lundin ujoyine umnyango wokuhlela we-The Tube & Pipe Journal ngo-2000 njengomhleli ohlangene.Imithwalo yemfanelo yakhe eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukuhlela izihloko zobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni amashubhu nokukhiqiza, kanye nokubhala izifundo zecala kanye namaphrofayili enkampani.Unyuselwe esikhundleni somhleli ngo-2007.
Ngaphambi kokujoyina lo magazini, wasebenza e-US Air Force iminyaka engu-5 (1985-1990), futhi wasebenzela umkhiqizi wamapayipi, ipayipi, kanye nendololwane yamapayipi iminyaka engu-6, okokuqala njengommeleli wenkonzo yamakhasimende futhi kamuva njengomlobi wezobuchwepheshe ( 1994-2000).
Ufunde eNorthern Illinois University eDeKalb, e-Illinois, futhi wathola iziqu ze-bachelor in economics ngo-1994.
I-Tube & Pipe Journal yaba umagazini wokuqala ozinikele ekukhonzeni imboni yamapayipi ensimbi ngo-1990. Namuhla, kusewukuphela kwencwadi enikezelwe embonini eNyakatho Melika futhi isibe umthombo othenjwa kakhulu wolwazi lwabachwepheshe bamapayipi.
Manje usungakwazi ukufinyelela ngokugcwele inguqulo yedijithali ye-FABRICATOR futhi ufinyelele kalula izinsiza ezibalulekile zemboni.
Izinsiza ezibalulekile zemboni manje zingafinyelelwa kalula ngokufinyelela ngokugcwele kunguqulo yedijithali ye-The Tube & Pipe Journal.
Jabulela ukufinyelela okugcwele kuhlelo lwedijithali lwe-STAMPING Journal, oluhlinzeka ngentuthuko yakamuva yezobuchwepheshe, imikhuba emihle kanye nezindaba zemboni zemakethe yokugxiviza izitembu zensimbi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-30-2021