U-OSHA uyalela abasebenzi bokugcina ukukhiya, umaki, futhi alawule amandla anobungozi. Abanye abantu abazi ukuthi basithatha kanjani lesi sinyathelo, wonke umshini uhlukile. Izithombe ze-Getty
Phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemishini yezimboni, ukukhiya / tagout (loto) akuyona into entsha. Ngaphandle kokuthi amandla anqanyuliwe, akekho onesibindi sokwenza noma yiluphi uhlobo lokulungiswa okujwayelekile noma ukuzama ukulungisa umshini noma uhlelo. Lokhu kumane kuyimfuneko yomqondo ojwayelekile kanye nokuphathwa kwezokuphepha emsebenzini kanye nezempilo (i-OSHA).
Ngaphambi kokwenza imisebenzi yesondlo noma ukulungiswa, kulula ukunqamula umshini kusuka kumthombo waso wamandla - imvamisa ngokucisha umfutho wesifunda-bese ukhiya umnyango wephaneli yesekeli yesekethe. Ukungeza ilebula ekhomba ochwepheshe besondlo ngegama futhi kuyinto elula.
Uma amandla angeke akhiywe, kuphela ilebula engasetshenziswa. Kunoma yikuphi, kungaba ngelokhi noma ngaphandle kokukhiya, ilebula libonisa ukuthi ukulungiswa kuyaqhubeka futhi idivaysi ayinikwa amandla.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuwona ukuphela kwelotho. Inhloso ephelele akuyona nje ukunqamula ukuxhumanisa umthombo wamandla. Umgomo ukuwudla noma ukhulule wonke amandla anobungozi - ukusebenzisa amagama ka-Osha, ukulawula amandla anobungozi.
I-SAWN ajwayelekile ibonisa izingozi ezimbili zesikhashana. Ngemuva kokuthi i-SAW icishiwe, amabala abunjiwe azoqhubeka nokugijima imizuzwana embalwa, futhi azoma kuphela lapho umfutho egcinwe emotweni ukhathele. I-blade izohlala ishisa imizuzu embalwa kuze kube yilapho ukushisa kuqeda.
Njengama-SAWS Store mehendical and thermal amandla, umsebenzi wokugijima kwemishini yezimboni (ugesi, i-hydraulic, kanye ne-pneumatic) kungavame ukugcina amandla isikhathi eside. Ngokuvamile ngekhono lokubopha le-hydraulic noma i-pneumatic system, noma i-capacitance wesifunda, amandla angagcinwa isikhathi eside esimangazayo.
Imishini ehlukahlukene yezimboni idinga ukusebenzisa amandla amaningi. I-aisi ye-aisi evamile ye-Aisi 1010 ejwayelekile ingamelana namabutho okugoba afinyelela ku-45,000 psi, ngakho-ke imishini efana namabhuleki acindezelayo, ama-punches, ama-punches, kanye namapayipi ama-beters kufanele adlulise amandla kumayunithi amathani. Uma umjikelezo onamandla wohlelo lwe-hydraulic pump luvaliwe futhi lunqanyulwe, ingxenye ye-hydraulic yohlelo kungenzeka ukuthi ikwazi ukuhlinzeka nge-PSI engu-45,000. Kumashini asebenzisa isikhunta noma ama-blade, lokhu kwanele ukuchoboza noma ukuqeda imilenze.
Iloli elivaliwe lebhakede elinebhakede emoyeni liyingozi njengeliloli elichaziwe. Vula i-valve engalungile namandla adonsela phansi kuzothatha izintambo. Ngokufanayo, uhlelo lwe-pneumatic lungagcina amandla amaningi lapho kucishiwe. Umfutho wepayipi ophakathi nendawo angadonsa ama-amperos afinyelela kwangamanje. Njengoba iphansi njenge-0.040 amps, inhliziyo ingayeka ukushaywa.
Ukukhishwa ngokuphepha noma amandla okuchitha isinyathelo esiyisihluthulelo ngemuva kokucima amandla neLoto. Ukukhishwa okuphephile noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ayingozi kudinga ukuqonda kwemigomo yohlelo kanye nemininingwane yomshini odinga ukugcinwa noma ukulungiswa.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlelo ze-hydraulic: i-open loop ne-loop evaliwe. Emvelweni yezimboni, izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zamaphampu zingamagiya, indaga kanye nama-pistons. Isilinda sethuluzi lokugijima lingaba yini olisebenzisayo noma lisebenza kabili. Izinhlelo ze-Hydraulic zingaba nanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ezintathu ze-valve - Ukulawulwa kokuqondisa, ukulawulwa kokugeleza, nokulawulwa kwengcindezi - ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo inezinhlobo eziningi. Kunezinto eziningi okufanele zinake, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthi uqonde kahle uhlobo ngalunye lwengxenye ukuqeda ubungozi obuhlobene namandla.
UJay Robinson, umnikazi kanye noMongameli weRBSA Industrial, uthe: "I-Hydraulic actuator ingaqhutshwa yi-valve ephelele evaliwe." "I-solenoid valve ivula i-valve. Lapho uhlelo lusebenza, uketshezi lwe-hydraulic lugeleza kwemishini ngokucindezela okukhulu nasethangini ngokucindezela okuphansi, "kusho yena. . "Uma uhlelo lukhiqiza ama-2 000 psi futhi amandla acishiwe, i-solenoid izoya endaweni ephakathi nendawo futhi ivimbe wonke amachweba. Amafutha awakwazi ukugeleza kanti umshini uyama, kepha uhlelo lungaba ne-1 000 psi ohlangothini ngalunye lwe-valve. "
Kwezinye izimo, ochwepheshe abazama ukwenza ukulungiswa noma ukulungiswa okujwayelekile basengozini eqondile.
"Ezinye izinkampani zinezinqubo ezibhalwe phansi kakhulu," kusho uRobinson. "Abaningi babo bathi uchwepheshe kufanele anqamule ukunikezwa kwamandla, ukhiye, umake, bese ucindezela inkinobho yokuqala ukuze uqale umshini." Kulesi simo, umshini kungenzeka ungangenzi lutho - alulayishi umsebenzi wokusebenza, ukugoqa, ukusika, ukwakha, ukulayisha i-workpice noma yini enye - ngoba ayikwazi. I-Hydraulic Valve iqhutshwa i-solenoid valve, edinga ugesi. Ukucindezela inkinobho yokuqala noma usebenzisa iphaneli yokulawula ukuze usebenzise noma yisiphi isici sohlelo lwe-hydraulic ngeke lusebenze i-valve ye-solenoid evikelekile.
Okwesibili, uma uchwepheshe eqonda ukuthi kudingeka asebenze ngesandla i-valve ukudedela ingcindezi ye-hydraulic, angakhulula uhlangothi olulodwa lohlelo futhi acabange ukuthi ukhulule wonke amandla. Eqinisweni, ezinye izingxenye zohlelo zingamelana nezingcindezi zifika ku-1 000 psi. Uma le ngcindezi ivela emaphethelweni amathuluzi wohlelo, ochwepheshe bazomangala uma beqhubeka nokufeza imisebenzi yokulungisa futhi bangalimala.
Amafutha e-Hydraulic awacindezeli kakhulu - cishe ngo-0,5% nge-1 000 psi-kodwa kulokhu, akunandaba.
"Uma uchwepheshe ededela amandla ohlangothini lwe-actuator, uhlelo lungashukumisela ithuluzi kulo lonke unhlangothi," kusho uRobinson. "Kuya ngohlelo, unhlangothi lungaba ngu-1/16 inch noma amamitha ayi-16."
"Uhlelo lwe-Hydraulic luyi-Muldliprier Commul, ngakho-ke uhlelo olukhiqiza i-1 000 psi lungaphakamisa imithwalo esindayo, njengamakhilogremu angama-3,000," kusho uRobinson. Kulokhu, ingozi akuyona ukuqala ngengozi. Ingozi ukudedela ingcindezi futhi ngehlisa umthwalo ngephutha. Ukuthola indlela yokunciphisa umthwalo ngaphambi kokubhekana nohlelo kungazwakala kunengqondo evamile, kepha amarekhodi okufa e-OSHA akhombisa ukuthi umqondo ojwayelekile awuhlali unqoba ngaso sonke isikhathi kulezi zimo. Esigabeni se-OSHA 142877.015, "Isisebenzi sithatha indawo ... Spy the evuza i-hydraulic hose kwigiya lokuqondisa bese unqamula umugqa we-hydraulic bese ukhipha ingcindezi. I-boom yaphonsa ngokushesha futhi yashaya isisebenzi, ichoboza ikhanda lakhe, i-torso nezingalo. Isisebenzi sabulawa. "
Ngaphezu kwamathangi e-oyela, amaphampu, ama-valve kanye nabasebenzayo, amanye amathuluzi we-hydraulic nawo anenhlangano. Njengoba igama libonisa, liqongelela uwoyela we-hydraulic. Umsebenzi wayo ukulungisa ingcindezi noma umthamo wohlelo.
"I-accumulator iqukethe izakhi ezimbili eziyinhloko: isikhwama somoya ngaphakathi kwethangi," kusho uRobinson. "I-airbag igcwele i-nitrogen. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile, uwoyela we-hydraulic ungena futhi ukhipha ithangi njengoba ingcindezi yohlelo inyuka futhi inciphe. " Ukuthi uketshezi lungena noma lushiya ithangi, noma ngabe kudluliswa, kuya ngomehluko wokucindezela phakathi kohlelo ne-airbag.
"Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ziyimithelela yokuqongelela kanye nabaqwayizi bevolumu," kusho ama-jack amaviki, umsunguli wokufunda kwamandla ka-fluid. "I-Shock Accumulator Dlulisa iziqongo, ngenkathi umqulu wevolumu evimbela ingcindezi yesistimu ekulahlekeleni lapho isidingo esingazelelwe seqa umthamo wepompo."
Ukuze usebenze ngohlelo olunjalo ngaphandle kokulimala, uchwepheshe wesondlo kumele azi ukuthi uhlelo luneqongqo futhi ludedela ukucindezela kwalo.
Okokuthinta ukushaqeka, ochwepheshe bezokulungisa kumele baqaphele ikakhulukazi. Ngoba isikhwama somoya sikhuphuke engcindezini enkulu kunengcindezi yohlelo, ukwehluleka kwe-valve kusho ukuthi kungangeza ingcindezi yohlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile azihlonyi nge-valve ekhipha.
"Asikho isixazululo esihle sale nkinga, ngoba ama-99% wezinhlelo awanikezi indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuvalwa kwe-valve," kusho amasonto. Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo zokugcina zokulungisa ezisebenzayo zinganikeza izindlela zokuvimbela. "Ungangeza i-valve ethengiswa ngemuva kokukhipha uketshezi oluthile lapho kungakhiwa khona ingcindezi," kusho yena.
Uchwepheshe wesevisi obona ama-airbags aphansi we-accumulator angafuna ukwengeza umoya, kepha lokhu akuvunyelwe. Inkinga ukuthi la ma-airbags afakwe ama-valves wesitayela saseMelika, afanayo nalokhu asetshenziswa kumathayi emoto.
"I-accumulator imvamisa inesinqumo sokuxwayisa ngokunezela umoya, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana yokusebenza, inquma ivame ukunyamalala kudala," kusho uWick.
Olunye udaba ukusetshenziswa kwama-valves aphikisayo, kusho amasonto. Emathangeni amaningi, ukujikeleza kwewashi kwandisa ingcindezi; kuma-valves esele, isimo sihlukile.
Ekugcineni, amadivaysi eselula adinga ukuwaphaphama. Ngenxa yezingqinamba zesikhala nezingqinamba, abaklami kumele babe nobuciko ekutheni bangahlelela kanjani uhlelo nokuthi babeke kuphi izingxenye. Ezinye izakhi zingase zifihlwe ngaphandle kokubona futhi zingafinyeleleki, okwenza ukulungiswa okujwayelekile nokulungiswa kube yinselele kunemishini ebekiwe.
Izinhlelo ze-pneumatic zinazo zonke izingozi ezingaba khona ze-hydraulic systems. Umehluko osemqoka ukuthi uhlelo lwe-hydraulic lungakhiqiza ukuvuza, ukukhiqiza i-jet yoketshezi olunengcindezi eyanele nge-inch ngayinye ukuze ungene ngaphansi kwezingubo nesikhumba. Emvelweni yezimboni, "izingubo" zifaka amabhuzu asemsebenzini. Ukulimala kwamafutha we-hydraulic angena ngaphakathi kudinga usizo lwezokwelapha futhi kuvame ukudinga ukuwele esibhedlela.
Izinhlelo ze-pneumatic nazo ziyingozi ngokwemvelo. Abantu abaningi bacabanga, "Yebo, kungumoya nje" futhi ubhekana nakho ngokunganaki.
"Abantu bezwa amaphampu ohlelo lwe-pneumatic egijima, kepha awacabangi wonke amandla impompo engena kohlelo," kusho amasonto. "Wonke amandla kumele ageleze endaweni ethile, futhi uhlelo lwamandla ka-fluid luyi-multiplier yamandla. Ku-50 PSI, isilinda esinendawo engaphezulu kwamasentimitha ayi-10 angakhiqiza amandla anele ukuhambisa amakhilogremu angama-500. Umthwalo. " Njengoba sonke sazi, abasebenzi basebenzisa lokhu kuqhuma imfucumfucu egqoke izingubo.
"Ezinkampanini eziningi, lesi yisizathu sokunqanyulwa ngokushesha," kusho amasonto. Uthe i-jet yomoya exoshwa ngohlelo lwe-pneumatic ingasebenza isikhumba nezinye izicubu emathanjeni.
"Uma kukhona ukuvuza ohlelweni lwe-pneumatic, noma ngabe kuhlangene noma nge-pinhole ku-hose, akekho ovame ukuqaphela," kusho yena. "Umshini uzwakala kakhulu, abasebenzi bavikelekile, futhi akekho ozwa ukuvuza." Ukumane uthathe i-hose kuyingozi. Akunandaba ukuthi uhlelo luyasebenza noma cha, amagilavu wesikhumba adingekayo ukuphatha ama-pneumatic hoses.
Enye inkinga ukuthi ngoba umoya ucindezelekile kakhulu, uma uvula i-valve ohlelweni olubukhoma, uhlelo lwe-pneumatic oluvaliwe lungagcina amandla anele okugijimisa isikhathi eside bese uqala ithuluzi kaninginingi.
Yize ugesi wamanzi-ukunyakaza kwama-elektroni njengoba ahamba kumqhubi welungelo lomqhubi obonakala ehlukile e-physics, akunjalo. Umthetho wokuqala kaNewton Okokuqala uyasebenza: "Into emile ihlala imile, futhi into eshukumisayo iqhubeka ihamba ngejubane elifanayo nakwindlela efanayo, ngaphandle kokuthi ifakwe ngaphansi kwamandla angenakulinganisela."
Ngephuzu lokuqala, yonke imifundaze, noma ngabe elula kangakanani, izomelana nokugeleza kwamanje. Ukumelana kuvimbela ukugeleza kwamanje, ngakho-ke lapho umjikelezo uvaliwe (i-static), ukumelana kugcina umjikelezo osesimweni esibonakalayo. Lapho umjikelezo uvulwa, okwamanje awugezi ngokuhamba ngesifunda ngaso leso sikhathi; Kuthatha okungenani isikhathi esifushane sokwenza vola ukunqoba ukumelana nokugeleza kwamanje.
Ngesizathu esifanayo, wonke umjikelezo unesilinganiso esithile sokukhohlisa, esifana nomfutho wento eshukumisayo. Ukuvala isishingiselo akumaki ngokushesha; Ukuqhubeka nokuqhubeka nokuhamba, okungenani kafushane.
Eminye imijikelezo isebenzisa ama-capacitors ukugcina ugesi; Lo msebenzi ufana nalowo we-hydraulic accumulator. Ngokusho kwenani elilinganiselwe le-capacitor, lingagcina amandla kagesi amandla kagesi ayingozi. Kwemibuthano esetshenziswa emishini yezimboni, isikhathi sokuphuculwa imizuzu engama-20 asinakwenzeka, futhi abanye bangadinga isikhathi esithe xaxa.
Ngomfutho wepayipi, uRobinson ulinganisela ukuthi isikhathi semizuzu engu-15 kungenzeka sanele amandla agcinwe ohlelweni ukuze ahlakaze. Ngemuva kwalokho yenza isheke elilula nge-voltmeter.
"Kunezinto ezimbili ngokuxhuma i-voltmeter," kusho uRobinson. "Okokuqala, kuvumela uchwepheshe ukuthi azi ukuthi uhlelo lukhona yini? Okwesibili, kwakha indlela yokukhipha. Ukugeleza kwamanje kusuka engxenyeni ethile yesifunda ngokusebenzisa amamitha kuya kwenye, ukuchitha noma yimaphi amandla asagcinwa kuwo. "
Ecaleni elihle kakhulu, ochwepheshe baqeqeshiwe ngokuphelele, abanolwazi futhi bakwazi ukufinyelela kuyo yonke imibhalo yomshini. Unesikhiya, ithegi, kanye nokuqonda ngokuphelele umsebenzi osusondele. Ngokufanelekile, usebenza nababukeli bokuphepha ukuhlinzeka ngezinye iqoqo lamehlo okugcina izingozi futhi anikeze usizo lwezokwelashwa lapho izinkinga zisenzeka.
Isimo esibi kunazo zonke ukuthi ochwepheshe abanakho ukuqeqeshwa nokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphandle, ngakho-ke akunazwana imishini ethile, khiya ihhovisi ngezimpelasonto noma ama-bushinds asatholakali. Lesi yisimo sesivunguvungu esifanelekile, futhi yonke inkampani enemishini yezimboni kufanele yenze konke okusemandleni ukukuvimbela.
Izinkampani ezikhulayo, zikhiqiza, futhi zithengise imishini yokuphepha zivame ukuba nobuchwepheshe obukhulu bokuphepha, ngakho-ke ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku okuphepha kwabahlinzeki bezinto zemishini kungasiza ukwenza indawo yokusebenza iphephe imisebenzi yokulungisa nokulungiswa okujwayelekile.
U-Eric Lundin wajoyina uMnyango Wezokuvakasha we-Tube & Pipe Journal ngonyaka we-2000 njengesihleli esihambisana. Imithwalo yemfanelo yakhe eyinhloko ifaka phakathi ukuhlela izindatshana zobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni i-tube nasekukhiqizweni, kanye nezifundo zokubhala namaphrofayili enkampani. Kukhuthazwe kumhleli ngo-2007.
Ngaphambi kokujoyina lo magazini, wakhonza e-US Air Force iminyaka emi-5 (1985-1990), futhi wasebenzela umkhiqizi wepayipi, futhi wasebenza umkhiqizi we-elbow iminyaka eyi-6, okokuqala njengombhali wezobuchwepheshe kamuva njengababhali bezobuchwepheshe ( 1994 -2000).
Wafunda enyakatho ye-Illinois University eDekalb, e-Illinois, futhi wathola iziqu ze-bachelor ku-Economics ngonyaka we-1994.
I-TUBE & Pipe Journal yaba ngumagazini wokuqala onikezelwe ekusebenzeni imboni yensimbi yensimbi ngo-1990. Namuhla, kusewukuphela kokushicilelwa okunikezwe umthombo othembekile kolwazi lwePipe.
Manje usungafinyelela ngokugcwele inguqulo yedijithali ye-Fabricator futhi ufinyelele kalula izinsiza ezibalulekile zomkhakha.
Izinsizakusebenza ezibalulekile zezimboni manje sezingafinyeleleka kalula ngokufinyelela okugcwele kunguqulo yedijithali ye-Tube & Pipe Journal.
Jabulela ukufinyelela okugcwele ohlelweni lwedijithali lwe-Stamp Journal, enikezela ngentuthuko yakamuva yezobuchwepheshe, izindlela ezinhle kakhulu nezindaba zezimboni zemakethe yesitembu yensimbi.
Isikhathi sePosi: Aug-30-2021